CCIE Service Provider certification (formerly known as Communications & Services) indicates expert level knowledge and skill in the fundamentals of IP and core IP technologies such as unicast IP routing, QoS, multicast, MPLS, MPLS VPNs, traffic engineering, and multi-protocol BGP, as well as specialized knowledge in at least one of the networking areas specific to service providers. These areas include Dial, DSL, Cable, Optical, WAN Switching, IP Telephony, Content Networking, and Metro Ethernet.